Interesting thread, as much for the prejudiced ideas displayed as anything. Wow, there is some prejudice here. I'll put mine on the line straight up, so we know where to start.
I am pro-European. I like local. I am Campagnolo for preference, but respect good Shimano. I like classic stuff that lasts (which is why I am on this forum I guess.)
I ride nearly every day, but also drive, motorcycle, sail, ski and my wife rides horses.
I have never sold a bike. I still own every bike I ever bought, except for the original Severn Valley I was bought for passing my O levels. The only reason I am telling you this is so you can judge my level of prejudice.
I recently bought a carbon bike because my wife has one and I was struggling to keep up with her on steel. I don't struggle now.
The carbon bike is better in nearly every way. SPD-SL pedals are more positive, safer and easier to use than clips and straps. This is after 50+ years on clips.
The carbon bike is smoother and has less road buzz, given equivalent tyre pressures. I am a 7 BAR man, by the way.
The Campag gear change on the carbon bike is superbly easy to use and safer, quicker and easier than the equivalent 50 year old stuff on my Severn Valley.
The only thing that is better on the steel bikes is the saddles are more comfortable. I ride Brooks Swallow on all of them. The best one is 64 years old!
I have made a point of thrashing the carbon bike in all weathers since I got it. My feeling is that I can easily replace stuff I wear out whereas the "classics" parts are harder to source. I regard the new bike as my winter bike for this reason. I am fortunate, perhaps in that my pockets are deep, but we are comparing bikes here, yes?
How much difference? Not much at all. If the difference between a supermarket BSO and a decent Decathlon or Boardman bike is 100 then we are talking a difference in single figures. As always, a quality bike is a quality bike, whatever it is made of and I am fortunate to have a range of quality bikes.
Not trying to annoy anyone. Just saying as I see it.