CROB
Dirt Disciple
Quite the CV!I learned back in the 1970s as part of my apprenticeship at the Royal Ordnance Factory Nottingham, ROF (N). I opted to become a sheetmetal worker and spent the next 4 years in the sheetmetal shop fabricating components for such projects as the 105mm Lightweight gun, Eager Beaver military forklift, Chieftan Bridgelayer, Combat Engineering Tractor (CET) etc.
After 4 years at college (City & Guilds Fabrication and Welding course FWT4) and 3 years piecework - I got fed up of being under a TIG welding helmet and went to Rolls-Royce working on jet pipe fabrication.
It's all a long time in the past now but I stayed in aerospace (behind a desk - up the management ladder and down again) until retiring a few years ago.
What's all this got to do with brazing? - well there's an awful lot to learn about so called "brazing", different alloys/temperatures etc for different applications. I've never researched the filler alloys used for bicycle frame construction so on that point I'm ignorant but I've used brass alloys (bronze welding), silver alloys (silver soldering or hard soldering, often referred to as brazing but technically not).
As a first step I'd try to find a good Metal Joining Handbook and from it identify which processes suit your eventual goals, then set yourself up and practice, practice, practice....
I bet there's some serious arcane knowledge that comes from working in a shop like that.
I guess some serious equipment too..
As you say the variety and amount of information available and terminology used is dizzying.
Looking for handbooks is a good idea though, sometimes the Internet is too much so a book may provide clearer answers.