You will have problems to mount your brake-disk to the old hub
But the frame has no canti-bolts, so you are bound to using a disk brake.
This means, you cannot use any old hubs.
But you can use the rest of the drive train - cassette (with some spacer if you want an old casette that fits your shifters), derailleur, BSA-BB and cranks.
It might also be a bit problematic to figure out the correct BB length. The "old" standard chainline was 45-50mm, the modern bikes use something 50+, iirc??
About the thumbies: Do you know microshift? They sell (index, also handlebar mounted) thumbies for up to 10 gears. And those are very good quality. They will work with your dura-ace stuff.
Edit: Oh, you changed your post while I was writing ...