You definitely can buy rims, maybe not Brompton branded ones but Sun cr18 are available and are better made and look nicer than Brompton ones. There are tubeless and carbon options too.
The rear spacing is fine until you want to add disc brakes or hubs with more than 3 speeds inside and at that point you're off at quite a tangent to what Brompton designed the bike to do and (in my opinion) what it does best.
I had a 20" disc compatible fork and rear triangle for one of mine but decided against using it as it would have increased the folded size quite a bit.
It's once you start modding bits of them that you realise how much design work has gone into making them fold up so small. Small changes to one part virtually always have a knock on effect when you go to fold it up and that part is trying to nestle amongst 5 others.
The cost of them is a bit mental. New and used. I got very lucky with my first one and got it for a decent price, probably because its a fairly old model. My other one came to me completely stripped apart and with parts like the seatclamp and brake bridge having been debrazed. The main investment in that one was my own time (until I had to send it away to get all the pivots put back together).